Unit I
A.
Narrative
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks :
Menghibur pendengar atau pembaca dengan pengalaman nyata atau khayal. Ciri
naratif adalah adanya unsur konflik (masalah) dan resolusi (penyelesaian
masalah). Jumlah masalah atau penyelesaiannya mungkin hanya satu, mungkin juga
lebih.
Struktur Teks :
*
Pengenalan latar : tokoh, waktu, dan tempat;
*
Pengembangan konflik;
*
Penyelesaian konflik;
*
Koda : perubahan yang terjadi pada tokoh atau
pelajaran yang dapat dipetik dari cerita.
Ciri Kebahasaan
·
Nouns tertentu sebagai kata ganti orang, dalam
cerita, misalnya : stepsisters,
housework, dsb.
·
Adjectives yang membentuk noun
phrase, misalnya : long black hair,
two red apples, dsb.
·
Time connectives dan conjunctions
untuk mengurutkan kejadian misalnya : then,
before that, dsb.
·
Adverbs dan adverbial phrases
untuk menunjukkan lokasi kejadian atau peristiwa, misalnya : here, in the mountain, happily, ever after,
dsb.
·
Action verbs dalam past tense;
stayed, dsb.
·
Saying verbs yang menandai ucapan seperti : said, told dan thinking verbs yang menandaio pikiran, persanaan tokoh
misalnya : thought, felt, dsb.
Read the story Underline the noun phrases Study the information.
Text I:
Beauty and the Beast
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Narrative text
A narrative text is designed to entertain or to tell a
story. The structure of the narrative text:
1. Orientation
Tell the
reader about:
-
the story’s setting
-
the time in which it took place,
-
who the major characters are, and
-
You may begin to hint at some
important details that will follow.
2. Evaluation
A stepping
back to evaluate the plight.
3. Complication
This is an
event or series of events that unfold and lead to a complication (problem or
conflict) as they lead to the climax of the story.
4. Resolution
This is the
final part of the story were the problem or complication is solved and the loose ends are tied up.
5. Re-orientation: optional.
Task 8
Answer these questions.
1.
Who’s Belle’s father?
2.
What happened to Belle’s father
when he entered the forest?
3.
Where did Belle find his father?
4.
What was the Beast warning to
Belle when she visited the castle?
5.
What happened to the Beast at the
end of the story?
6.
Where is the setting of the story?
7.
Who are the main characters in the
story?
Task II:
1. This is a fable from the
aboriginal people of Australia
BLUE-TONGUE LIZARD
Blue-Tongue
Lizard and his wife camped near a swamp long ago. One day Blue-Tongue Lizard
went to get some food, and while he was down at the swamp, he left his wife
sitting under a shady tree. He had not been gone very long when Taipan the
Snake passed by Blue-Tongue Lizard’s camp. Taipan saw Blue-Tongue Lizard. He
made her come with him and together they ran a long way away.
Taipan the
Snake did not know that Black Bird had been watching him, and as soon as he ran
away with Blue-Tongue Lizard’s wife, Black Bird began singing out to
Blue-Tongue Lizard. Your wife s gone, Taipan has taken her away, he cried. Blue
Tongue Lizard was still at the swamp getting food when he heard Black Bird’s
call. He went back to the shady tree where he had left his wife and was full of
food and made a fire. He cooked his food and after he had finished eating it,
he went to get his spears.
He found they
had all been broken by Taipan. Then he found the tracks of his wife and Taipan,
and he followed them. Blue-Tongue Lizard followed their tracks until he came to
a tree in which a freshly killed emu had been hung. It had been killed by
Taipan and left there to be eaten that night. Blue-Tongue Lizard knew that
Taipan and his wife must be nearby and he soon found them near a river. When
Taipan saw Blue- Tongue Lizard he ran get his spears but Blue-Tongue Lizard had
already broken them.
We can fight
with our teeth, said Blue-Tongue Lizard. Taipan agreed and the two of them
fought wildly, each it trying to get a hold of the other. Until finally
Blue-Tongue Lizard caught hold of Taipan’s body in his powerful jaws, and bit
him in half. With Taipan the Snake dead, Blue-Tongue Lizard took back his wife
and together they returned to the swamp.
2. Do the exercise
Next Study
1.
Who are the main characters in
this folktale?
2.
Who are the supporting characters?
3.
Write down three events in order.
- _______________________________________________________________
- _______________________________________________________________
- _______________________________________________________________
4.
Read the sentences.
‘Your
wife is gone, Taipan has taken her away’, he cried. One day Blue-Tongue Lizard went to
get some food.
The
two of them fought wildly He cooked his food |
He put
down his bag which was full of food and made a fire.
5.
Some sentences above show things
that animals in real life don’t do. Tick the box next to the sentences.
Reading for detail
1.
Where did Blue-Tongue Lizard camp?
__________________________________________________
2.
Who passed by Blue-Tongue Lizard’s
camp?
__________________________________________________
3.
Who was watching when Taipan took
Blue-Tongue’s wife?
__________________________________________________
4.
Who broken Blue-Tongue Lizard’s
spears?
__________________________________________________
5.
Who won the fight between
Blue-Tongue Lizard and the snake?
__________________________________________________
1.
Why did the Blue-Tongue Lizard
want to fight with his teeth?
__________________________________________________
2.
What was Blue-Tongue Lizard doing
when Taipan took his wife?
__________________________________________________
3.
Why do you think Taipan stole
Blue-Tongue Lizard away?
__________________________________________________
4.
Who informed where Blue-Tongue
Lizard’s wife was?
__________________________________________________
5.
Why do you think Blue-Tongue
Lizard ate a meal before going to look for his wife?
__________________________________________________
At The Fair
It was the night of the fair, and
the children at Tim’s school were really excited. They ran down the path out
school as fast as they could. Tim ran all the way home, and changed into his
jeans and sneakers. He ate his dinner quickly, and sat at the window waiting
for his dad to come home. He couldn’t wait for six o’clock when the fair would
begin. He had been saving his pocket money for weeks.
When Tim and his family arrived
at the fair, it had just opened. Already there were crowds of people swarming
around, footstalls, display and dozens of rides. Can I buy some chips and a
drink? ‘Asked Tim.
‘Okay,’ said Tim’s dad. ‘But hang
on tightly to your wallet-there’s a lot of people around’.
I’ll be fine, “said Tim
impatiently.
He found a footstall, and ordered
his food. When the man brought his chips and drink, without thinking. “Tim put
his wallet on the counter and picked up his food and drink. When he glanced
back, his wallet had vanished! Tim desperately looked around him, but it was no
use. If only he’d listened to his dad. All his pocket money was gone.
1.
What advice did Tim’s dad give him?
2.
What did Tim do instead?
3.
Who is this story about?
4.
When did the incident it describes take place?
5.
Where did it happen?
6.
What happened?
Understanding Narratives
A narrative text tells an
imaginary story but the story may be based on facts. The narrative ‘At the Fair’
in this unit may be based on a boy’s real experience. The purpose of a
narrative is to entertain the reader.
Types of Narrative
Text
·
short stories
·
fables
·
modern fantasy
·
folk tales
·
plays
·
legends
·
myths
·
ballads
|
Features of
Narratives
|
Examples from the model text
|
|
·
Orientation
The opening of a story sets the mood by defining the setting, time,
main characters and other information to give the reader an orientation or
starting point.
·
Sequence of Events
This
is the main body of the story. It outlines an event or a sequence of events
that leads the character/s into a complication where the normal events are
upset by some form of conflict. There may be more then one complication and
this serves to frustrate the character/s in their attempts to achieve what
they wish. Also, this builds tension and anticipation in the reader.
·
Resolution
Everything
ends up ‘happily ever after the conflicts are resolved. In some narratives,
such as ‘At the Fair’, the resolution may be left for the reader to decide.
|
It was the night of the
fair..........
When Tim and his
family arrived at the fair........
But hang on tightly
to your wallet.......
His wallet had vanished.......
|
|
Make some notes in the space below
for your own narrative
|
Contoh teks
Narrative:
The Boy who cried
“Wolf”
There was once a
shepherd-boy who kept his flock at a little distance from the village. Once he
thought he would play a trick on the villagers and have some fun at their
expense. So he ran toward the village crying out, with all his might,
“Wolf! Wolf!
Come and help! The wolves are at my lambs!”
The kind
villagers left their work and ran to the field to help him. But when they got
there the boy laughed at them for their pains; there was no wolf there.
Still another
day the boy tried the same trick, and the villagers came running to help and
got laughed at again. Then one day a wolf did break into the fold and began
killing the lambs. In great fright, the boy ran for help. “Wolf! Wolf!” he
screamed. “There is a wolf in the flock! Help!”
The villagers
heard him, but they thought it was another mean trick; no one paid the least
attention, or went near him. And the shepherd-boy lost all his sheep.
Moral value:
That is the kind
of thing that happens to people who lie: even when they tell the truth no one
believes them.
——————————————————————————————————
Once there were
two thin goats. Both of them were hungry. They were tied together with a
brown rope. They wanted to eat the green leaves from two separated bushes. One
bush was on the left. The other bush was on the right.
The goats
thought they could do everything on their own. The first goat wanted to go to
the bush on the left, but the second goat wanted to go to the bush on the
right. However, the rope was short. They tried but they could not reach they
bushes. They were sad.
Then, the goats
decided to work together. First, they are the leaves of the bush on the right.
Then, ate the leaves on the left. The leaves were delicious. They were happy.
——————————————————————————————
Long ago on the top of Mount Kinabalu
in Borneo , there lived a dragon. He owned a
large and beautiful pearl. People believed that he controlled the weather with
it.
The emperor of China Borneo to steal it. The princes, together with one
hundred soldiers, set sail for Borneo in
twelve sailing junks.
When they arrived in Borneo ,
The set out immediately to find the famous mountain. Their journey up the
rugged slopes of Mount
Kinabalu
Then Wee San had a clever idea. He
climbed a tall tree, so he could see the dragon’s cave. He noted what time the
dragon left his cave to hunt for food and what time he returned to it.
Next he ordered his men to make a fake
pearl and a large kite. He waited until the dragon left his cave. Then he
placed the fake pearl in a bag, slung it across his shoulder and flew up to the
mountain-top on the kite. He exchanged the real pearl for the fake one
and then his brother pulled his kite back to the ground.
The brothers quickly returned to their
ships and set sail for China
Cara menentukan bagian - bagian teks Narrative.
Sebelumnya
perlu kita ketahui dulu pengertian teks Narrative, yaitu teks yang berisi
tentang sebuah cerita atau dongeng dan di dalamnya terdapat konflik/puncak
masalah yang diikuti dengan penyelesaian.
Generic
Structure
: Orientation - Complication - Resolution
- Orientation
berisi
: Pengenalan tokoh, tempat dan waktu terjadinya cerita
- Complication
berisi
: Puncak masalah/konflik dalam cerita
-
Resolution
: Pemecahan masalah
Unit II
A. Descriptive
Jenis Teks:
Description (Deskripsi)
1. Ciri Umum:
(a) The communicative Purpose
•
To Describe a particular person,
place or thing
(b) The generic structure
•
Identification : Identifies
phenomenon to be described
•
Description : Describe
parts, qualities, characteristics
(c) Ciri Kebahasaan:
Menggunakan:
nouns tertentu, misalnya teacher, house,my cat, dsb.
simple present tense.
detailed noun phrase untuk memberikan informasi tentang subjek,
misalnya It was a large open rowboat, a sweet young lady, dsb.
berbagai macam adjectives, yang bersifat describing, numbering,
classifying, misalnya, two strong legs, sharp white fangs, dsb.
relating verbs untuk memberikan informasi tentang subjek, misalnya, My
mum is realy cool, It has very thick fur, dsb.
thinking verbs dan feeling verbs untuk mengungkapkan pandangan
pribadi penulis tentang subjek, misalnya Police believe the suspect is armed,
I think it is a clever animal, dsb.
action verbs, misalnya Our new puppy bites our shoes, dsb.
abverbials untuk memberikan informasi tambahan tentang perilaku
tersebut, misalnya fast, at the tree house, dsb.
bahasa figurative, seperti simile, metafor, misalnya John is
white as chalk, sat tight,dsb
Text
I:
Goa Tabuhan Is a Lively Unique Cave
In the cave Nyi (Mrs.) Kamiyem
and Ki (Mr.) Padmo sit on a big stone. Nyi Kamiyem will sing a song and Ki
Padmo will beat the drum. Joining them are people called wiyogo which are drummers and other gamelan musicians.
What makes this unique is that
they mix gamelan with the sounds of nature. The visitors dance, forgetting all
problems.
Many tourists go to this cave.
Maybe you are interested in going there too. But you don’t know where
it is. Gua Tabuhan is located
near Pacitan in East Java . It is situated in a
lime hill called Tapan, in Tabuhan, Wareng village. The route is easy. Along
the road there is beautiful tropical scenery to enjoy-rice fields,
coconut-palms and birds.
East of the cave peddlers sell
souvenirs. The drink and food peddlers are on the north. People sell agates on
the cave terraces. Somehow, it is like a fair.
It is said that the cave is
the only place where nature produces sounds like the music of gamelan. Nyi
Kamiyem, the well-known pesinden (traditional Javanese singer) from, the village of Gabuhan
Gua Tabuhan did not use to
welcome visitors. According to Kartowiryo (90), village elder, Gua Tabuhan used
to be a hiding place for robbers. It was believed to be a sacred place. No one
dared go inside. However, Wedana (chief of a district) Kertodiprojo,
went to the cave to find out what was wrong. He found out that the cave was
inhabited by the annoying evil spirits. The people chased the spirits away.
The cave is dark, so people
need lights, and a local guide will lead the way, Sometimes visitors bump their
head against the sharp rocks on the ceiling.
Inside the cave there is a
plain. Big stone which is believed to be
the prayer mat of Pangeran Dipenogoro, one of the Indonesian heroes
who fought against the Dutch, It is said that Pangeran Diponegoro used to
seclude himself in the cave. Some people now use the place for meditation.
There is a stream in the cave,
in the east corner, which can only be seen outside. However, it can be heard from
inside.
Besides the cave, Watukarang,
a beach nearby, is good to visit. By the way, want different souvenirs? You can
find them in Donorodjo village where agate craftsman work. So, have a nice
journey.
Taken from Hello English
Magazine, January 1996
A. Read the text entitled "Gua Tabuhan Is a Lively Unique Cave
- What do you call people who join Mrs Kamiyem and Mr Padmo in the cave?
- Where is Gua Tabuhan located?
- What will you be able to see along the road to Gua Tabuhan?
- Where can you find peddlers selling souvenirs?
- What is Mrs Kamiyem?
- How old is Mr Kartowiryo?
- What did Kertodiprojo find out inside the cave?
- What do people need to enter the cave?
- What did Pangeran. Diponegoro use to do in the cave?
- Can you see the stream inside the cave?
B. State whether each of the sentence is true (T) or false
(F)
- T - F You find the drink and food peddlers on the east of the cave,
- T - F The visitors will forget all their problems when hearing the sounds of nature and gamelan.
- T - F To
reach Wareng village the visitor get troubles.
- T - F Mrs. Kamiyem is not the well-known pesinden.
- T - F The inside of the cave is like a fair because visitors and peddlers bring light if they come in.
- T - F The cave is used for meditation.
- T - F Visitors who visit the cave cannot find water easily,
- T - F There is only one tourist resort around Wareng village.
- T - F People who are in the cave can hear the stream.
- T - F Pangeran Diponegoro secluded himself not inside the cave but outside the cave.
Contoh teks descriptive:
The Ambarawa Train Museum
The
Ambarawa Train Museum
The
oldest in this museum is a locomotive made by Hartman Chemnitz. This
locomotive, with a length of 8.58 m and a width of 2.45 m, began its operation
in 1891. Using wood as fuel, the steam locomotive could run 50 km/h – its
maximum speed.
A
special part of a visit to this museum is a trip by train from the Ambarawa Train Museum
——————————————————————————————————
My friend,
Miranda.
Hi
friends! This is my friend Miranda. She comes from Sulawesi .
She was born in Makasar on June 12, 1980. her hobbies are singing and swimming.
She also likes planting flowers very much. She lives at 12 Jalan Jaya. She
lives together with her parents and two sisters. They are Mr. and Mrs
Yudhatama, Sherina and Tiara. Miranda studies at SMP 7. Her older sister is in
the first year of SMA, and Tiara is still in SD. They all love one
another
My Pet
I
have a pet. It is a dog and I call it Brownie.
Brownie is a Chinese breed. It is
small, fluffy, and cute. It has got thick brown fur. When I cuddle it, the fur
feels soft. Brownie does not like bones. Every day it eats soft food like
steamed rice, fish or bread. Every morning I give her milk and bread. When I am
at school, Brownie plays with my cat. They get along well, and never fight
maybe because Brownie does not bark a lot. It treats the other animals in our
house gently, and it never eats shoes. Brownie is really a sweet and friendly
animal.
Answer
the question:
- What is the communicative purpose of the text?
- What is the writer’s pet?
- When I cuddle.
What is the meaning the
underlined word in
- What does Brownie eat every day?
- What does Brownie do when the writer is at school?
- It has got thick brown fur. What is the antonym of the underlined word?
- What does Brownie drink every morning?
- Why Brownie [do] not like bone?
- Why does brownies get along well with another writer’s pet?
- How does Brownies treat other animals in the writer’s house?
Cara membedakan Jenis Teks (Genre)
Maret 28, 2008 by colorofme
Recount VS Narrative:
Keduanya memakai simple past tense, yang membedakan untuk
recount akan ada series of events saja yang berupa urutan kegiatan yang
dilakukan, sementara dalam narrative yang ada complication dimana disana ada
konflik antar tokoh dalam cerita.
pahami isinya dulu. Nah, di dalam teks Narrative, ciri
khasnya selalu ada konflik dan penyelesaian di dalamnya. Sedangkan dalam Recount hanya berisi tentang
kejadian-kejadian yang datar. Tapi keduanya sama - sama menggunakan Past Tense
Description
VS Report:
Description
menggambarkan deskripsi suatu benda, binatang, orang atau tempat secara
spesifik, sedangkan report menggambarkan deskripsi benda, binatang, barang atau
orang secara umum. contoh text descriptive ” My Cat” “Mount Merapi” etc.
Sedangkan contoh text report “Cat”, ” Mountain”.
membedakan
Descriptive dengan Report, terletak pada penjelasan dalam deskripsi tersebut.
Kalau benda/orang/tempat tersebut hanya satu dan dideskripsikan secara
detail/spesifik, maka dia descriptive. Sedangkan kalau deskripsinya hanya
secara umum, maka dia Report.
B. IDIOM
A Note on separable Idioms.
In
English, certain idioms among those of the “two-word verb” class are separable
by their direct object or complement; that is, the pronoun direct object is
placed between the verb and its accompanying prepositional particle. For
example, in speaking of turning off the light, we can say: John put them out. Less frequency among the group of separable
idiom we can similarly insert a noun direct object, as in: John put the light out. Which has the same meaning as John put out the light. Note that the
pronoun direct object never appears after the particle of a separable idiom as
it often does after a noun separable noun.
For
example it is wrong to say: John put out
it instead of John put it out;
but we can say the firm got rid of her,
since get rid of is in
separable
In
essential idiom we have place the symbol (S)
after the definition of those term that are separable and have provided
illustrative variations in word order.
1. to get along:
- John is getting along very well in his study of English
- How is Mr. Frank getting along in his new job?
2. to take out: (S)
a.
William took out his handkerchief and wipes his forehead.
b.
The thief suddenly took out a knife and attacked the policeman.
3. to wait on (upon) :
a.
A very pleasant young woman waited on me in Indomaret’s yesterday.
b.
The clerk asked, “Have you been waited on yet, sir?”
4. at least :
a.
Every student should spend at least two hours on his homework every
night.
b.
Tina has been sick in bed for at least two months.
5. to think over : (S)
a.
I shall think over your offer and give you my answer tomorrow.
b.
You don’t have to decide this
matter at once. You can think over
and give me your decision tomorrow.
6. to take place :
a.
The meeting took place in the Constitution Hall
b.
Where did the accident take place?
7. to put away : (S)
a.
After finished reading the report,
he put it away in his safe.
b.
The mother told the child to put her toys away.
c.
Put your book away: it is
time for lunch.
8. to think of : (S)
a.
What did you think of that movie which you saw last night?
b.
I don’t think much of him as a
baseball player.
9. For the time being :
a.
For the time being my sister is clerking in department store.
b.
We are living in a hotel for the time being, but latter we will
try to find a small apartment.
10. to get over :
a.
It took me more than a month to get over my cold.
b.
I do not think he will get over the loss of his wife.
11. to call off : (S)
a.
The game was called off on account of darkness.
b.
The doctor had to call off his
appointments for the day and rush to the hospital.
c.
At first the workers planned to
strike, but later they called it off.
12. for good :
a.
Ruth has gone back to California for good. She will not return to the Texas anymore.
b.
Has your friend returned to South America for
good?
13. to count on :
a.
We are counting on you to help us with today’s assignment.
b.
Don’t count on Frank to lend you any money because he has none.
14. to make friends :
a.
During the cruise William made friends with every one on the ship.
b.
Patricia is a very shy girl and
does not make friends easily.
15. to look over : (S)
a.
I want to look over these
exercises before I give them to the teacher.
b.
He signed the contract without even looking
it over.
16. to keep on :
a. John kept
on talking although the teacher
b. They kept on playing their radio until three o’clock in the morning.
17. to put out : (S)
a.
You can put out your cigarette in that ashtray.
b.
The firemen worked hard but were
not able to put out the fire.
c.
Be sure to put out the light
before you leave. Yes, I’ll put it out.
18. to take turns :
a.
During the trip John and I took turn driving the car.
b.
Siska and her sister take turn helping their mother each
night.
19. to be in charge of :
a.
Hendry is in charge of the office while Mr. Smith is away.
b.
Who is in charge of the arrangements for the dance next week?
20. to look after :
a.
Grandma will look after the baby while we go to the lecture
b.
Who is going to look after your correspondence while you
are away?
21. as the matter of fact
:
a.
Frank thinks he knows English well
but, as a matter of fact, he speaks
very poorly.
b.
As a matter of fact, I prefer the Barbados
Island to Florida .
22. to look forward to :
a.
We are looking forward to my uncle’s visit with great pleasure.
b.
He says that he has nothing to look forward to except the same
monotonous work every day.
23. to take up : (S)
a.
William wants to take up medicine when he goes to
college.
b.
What is your brother taking up at Columbia University
c.
If you want to study dentistry,
why don’t you take it up?
24. to take after :
a.
With her light hair and blue eyes
Eris seems to take after her mother,
but in her character she is more like her father.
b.
Which of your parents do you take after?
25. to think up : (S)
a.
I wish I could think up a good excuse to give the
teacher for my not having prepared my homework.
b.
Every day they think up some new trick to play on him.
c.
That was a clever idea. Who thought it up?
Exercise 1: Substitute in
place of the italicized word or words the corresponding idiomatic expression
partially indicated in parentheses
- She and Helen alternated helping the teacher after school. (……………)
- How is John doing in his new French class? (……………)
- Who is responsible for that work while Mr. Stein is away? (……………)
- Did a young man or a young woman attend to you in that store? (…………..)
- The
accident occurred in the corner of Broadway and
- You ought to spend two hours as a minimum in the fresh air every day. (…………..).
- I will consider your plan and give you an answer next week. (…………………)
- John likes to travel and, in this, he resembles his uncle Bill. (…………………)
- Suddenly the man removed a revolver from his pocket and began to shoot. (…………….)
- What course do you plan to undertake in college? (…………………)
Exercise
2: Find and underline the expression given in parentheses to the italic idiom.
- If the meeting is call off, It is (begun, crowded, canceled, interesting).
- To look over something is to (examine it, wait for it, look it up, purchase it)
- For the time being means (up to now, in the near future, for the present)
- To count on someone is to (like him, depend upon him, arrest him, doubt him)
5. To keep on something is
to (stop doing it, to continue doing it, begin doing it)
6. Someone in United States for good, he is there
(permanently, to do good, temporarily, to rest well.)
7. When I put out my cigarette, I
(light it, smoke it, enjoy it, and extinguish it)
Exercise
3: Find and underline the expression corresponding to the italicized idiom
above.
- If I look forward to something, I…
a. look it over
b. anticipate it
c. look it up
9. If I look after someone,
I…
a. follow him everywhere
b.
take care of him
c.
call on him
10. If she puts his book away,
she…
a. sets it aside
b. escape it from her.
c. burns it to the ground
Unit III
A. News Item (Berita)
1. Ciri Umum:
(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks:
Memberitakan kepada pembaca, pendengar atau penonton tentang
peristiwa-peristiwa atau kejadian-kejadian yang dipandang penting atau layak
diberitakan.
(b) Struktur Teks:
Kejadian inti;(Newsworthy events)
Latar belakang: elaborasi kejadian, orang yang terlibat, tempat
kejadian dsb.(Background Events)
Sumber informasi: komentar saksi kejadian, pendapat para ahli,
dsb.(sources)
(c) Ciri Kebahasaan:
Informasi singkat tertuang dalam headline
Menggunakan action verbs
Menggunakan saying verbs, misalnya say, tell, dsb.
Menggunakan kata keterangan, misalnya badly injured, the most
beautiful bride in the world, dsb.
2. Contoh dan Struktur Teks:
|
|
Town ‘Contaminated
|
|
Kejadian Inti
|
|
|
Latar belakang: elaborasi
|
Yelena Vazrshavskya was the first journalist to speak to
people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base
of Shkotovo – 22 km near Vladivostock.
|
|
|
The accident, which occurred 13 months before the
|
|
Sumber Informasi
|
A board of investigators was later to
describe it as the
worst accident in the history of the Soviet Navy.
|
Exercise 1: Answer the
question
- What is the communicative purpose of the text?
- …another Soviet nuclear catastrophe…
What is the synonym of the
underlined word?
- How many people who die?
- Who was the first journalist speaking to witnessed?
- Who was the source of the text?
- When did the accident happen?
- What is the dominant structure of the text?
- …more than 600 tons of contaminated material…
What is the synonym of the
underlined word?
- What happened with the nuclear submarine at the naval base of Shkotovo?
- Why did the official of Soviet cover the spreading of radioactive in the base and the town nearby?
The
Australian reported Sunday that blazes continued in South
Australia , Tasmania , Western Australia and Victoria , where up to six homes have
destroyed. In South Australia ,
much of Adelide is engulfed in thick smoke. The firefighters who are confronted
by blast-furnace winds try to bring the flames under control.
At
Roberts town in the state’s mid-north, more than 2,500 acres have already
burned. Another bushfire, started by lightening, charred the earth near Mouth
Flat on the southern side of Kangaroo Island, while Ngarkat Conservation Park,
in the State’s upper-southeast, is also a blaze.
A
7,500-acre fire at Mount
Agnew
The
most serious fires were in Victoria, where up to six homes were destroyed by a
fire near the town of Anakie, 36 miles west of Melbourne.
In
Tasmania ,
falling temperatures and patchy rain brought some relief to firefighters, who
continued to monitor 22 blazes across the state.
Answer the questions:
- What is the text about?
- "..., while
What do the
underlined words mean?
- The fires increasingly happened in some parts of
- The reporter most likely got the information from…
- How many homes were destroyed by a fire near the
town of
- What is the communicative purpose of the text?
- What is the main idea of paragraph 2?
- …. homes were destroyed… (paragraph 5)
What is the
synonym of the underlined word?
9.
What happened in Tasmania ?
B.
Comparative and Superlative Adjective
This type comparative implies
that the entities are comparable in a greater or lesser degree. The following
rules generally apply to this type of comparative.
- Add -er the adjective base of most one and two syllable adjective (thick – thicker, cold – colder, quiet – quieter).
- Use the form more + adjective for most three syllable adjectives (more beautiful, more important, more believable).
- Use form more + adjective or adjectives ending in the following suffixes: -ed, -gul, -ing, and -ous (more hated, more useful, more boring, more stylish, more cautious).
- Double the final consonant of one syllable adjective which end in a single consonant (except, w, x, and z) and are preceded by a single vowel (big – bigger, red – redder, hot – hotter).
- When an adjective ends in a consonant + y, change y to I and add -er (happy – happier, dry – drier).
Note : The -er suffix means exactly the same as more. Therefore they
can never be used together. It is not correct to say more prettier, more
faster, more better.
Comparative and Superlative Adjective
Comparative Adjective indicates that something has more quality
than something else. We cam simply use
 |
||||||
|
|
|||||
However, we must consider the
following rules.
|
|
Rule
|
Positive
|
Comparative
|
|
One syllable adjectives and adverb
|
Add –er
|
Dark
Big
Long
fast
|
Darker
Bigger
Longer
Faster
|
|
Two syllable adjectives and adverbs ending in -y
|
-y + -er = ier
|
Pretty
Sharply
|
Prettier
Shapelier
|
|
Adjectives and adverbs with more than one syllable
|
More + adjective
|
Important
Intelligently
|
More important
More
intelligently
|
Example
: -
Indra is 130 cm height. Duta is
150 cm height. Duta is taller than
Indra.
-
I got C in Math. I got B in
English. Math is more difficult than
English.
Superlative Adjectives indicate that something has more quality
than anything of its kind. The
superlative adjectives is formed by
|
|
There are some rules to consider.
|
|
Rule
|
Positive
|
Comparative
|
|
One syllable adjectives and
adverbs
|
Add –est
|
Dark
Big
Long
Fast
|
Darkest
Biggest
Longest
Fastest
|
|
Two syllable adjectives and
adverbs ending in -y
|
-y + -est = iest
|
Pretty
Sharply
|
Prettiest
Shapeliest
|
|
Adjective and adverbs with more
than one syllable
|
The most + adjective
|
Important
Intelligently
|
The most important
The most intelligently
|
Example
: - All students got C in physics but got
A. he is the smartest student in the class/ of all.
-
Every student can do almost all
questions but they cannot do the question number 7. The number 7 is the most difficult question of all.
-
Zenedine Zidane is the best football player of 2002.
Irregular Forms
|
Positive
|
Comparative
|
Superlative
|
|
Good/well
Bad/badly
Old
Far
Much/many
Little
|
Better
Worse
Older/elder
Farther/further
More
Less
|
Best
Worst
Oldest/eldest
Farther/furthest
Most
Least
|
We form the comparative degree of
one syllable adjective by adding -er
-
cold - colder
-
bright - brighter
We
usually form the comparative degree of adjective with more than two syllables
by using more
-
difficult - more difficult
-
beautiful - more beautiful
Good
and bad have special comparative forms
-
good - better
-
bad - worse
The
comparative form of all adjectives is followed by than
-
She is taller than her
sister.
-
This exercise is more difficult
than that one
-
This book is better than
that one
Exercise
Complete
these sentences by supplying the comparative form of the adjective or
superlative adjective in parentheses.
1.
He is (young) _____1 I
am.
2.
Mr. Smith is much (old) ____2
I expected.
3.
Grace is (old) _____3
girl in our class.
4.
This is (expensive) ____4
book that I own.
5.
Chicago
is (big) _____5 Paris .
6.
George (bad) _____6
student in the class.
7.
The herald is (important) _____7
newspaper in the town.
8.
This book is (good) _____8
the lost one we used.
9.
Tokyo is (large) ______9 city in
the world today.
10.
The weather this winter (bad) _____10
the weather last winter.
11.
This exercise is (easy) _____11
the last one.
12.
This metal is (valuable) _____12
gold.
13.
Eris was (attractive) _____13
girl at the party.
14.
She also wore (pretty) _____14
dress.
15.
John is much (clever) _____15
his brother.
16.
January is (cold) _____16
month of the year.
17.
This summer is (hot) _____17
last summer.
18.
The pacific is (large) _____18
ocean in the world.
19.
This chair is (comfortable) _____19
chair in the whole house.
20.
John’s car was much (expensive)
_____20 my car.
21.
These exercises are (difficult)
_____21 my car.
22.
He is (ambitious) _____22
boy that I knew.
23.
This street is even (wide) _____23
broadways.
24.
Jane is (attractive) _____24
her sister.
25.
The story which you told was
(funny) _____25 of all.
C. The Past Continuous Tense
The past
continuous tense is an action which was occurring in the past and was
interrupted by another action in this case the general rule is.
S be V1 ing + S V2
v
I was walking down the
street when it began to rain
v
He was waiting for the bus
when I bet him yesterday
v
She was doing her home work
when her father came last night
v
They were cleaning their
house when I saw them last week
v
We were listening to the
music when he slept yesterday evening
v
It was sleeping when I
Wanted to feed it yesterday
v
You were having dinner when
Intan
In negative statement we put not
after the to be (was, were).
S be
not V1 ing + S V2
v
Edi wasn’t doing his home
work when his mother went out last night
v
Abdul and Robby weren’t
feeding the dog when their mother told him last week
v
When I came home last
night, my little sister was doing her home work
In interrogative sentence we put
was/were in front of the sentence.
|
Yesterday afternoon?
Were you reading
a novel when I called?
Were you last
night?
Were the
children playing in the garden at 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon?
Exercise one:
Add the correct past form of
the verbs parentheses to form
Simple past or past
continuous,
1.
Jack (not feel) ………….1 I
very well so he (consult) ………… 2 his doctor .
2.
He (speak) ………….3 on the telephone when the waiter (bring) ………….4
his coffee
3.
The doctor (ask) ………….5 whether I always (take) ………….6 my medicine.
4.
I (hear) ………….7 a sound. Perhaps my elder brother (talk) ………….8
in his sleep last night
5.
When the ambulance (arrive) ………….9
the patient (sleep) ………….10 soundly
yesterday
6.
The children (go) ………….11
swimming when we (be) ………….12 in
holiday in Bali . Last month.
7.
She (wear) ………….13 her new skin when I (saw) ………….14 her
at the party last night
8.
Columbus
(try) ………….15 to reach India
when he (find) ………….16 America .
9.
Peter (look) ………….17 at me
as he (speak) ………….18
10. We (have) ………….19 lunch when you (contact) ………….20 me in
the office yesterday
Exercise Two:
Make questions based on the
underline words
Example: He was doing her
homework when I came to her house yesterday afternoon.
What was
she doing when you came to her house yesterday afternoon?
1.
John was eating his
lunch when I came to pick her this
morning
a.
……………………….
b.
……………………….
2.
We were discussing Our lesson
at five o’clock yesterday afternoon
a.
……………………….
b.
……………………….
3.
I got a phone call from my house when I was working in the
office
a.
……………………….
b.
……………………….
4.
When she come to my house last night, we were listening
to the radio
a.
……………………….
b.
……………………….
5.
she was cleaning the
kitchen while her husband was painting the house
a.
……………………….
b.
……………………….
6.
Jack was drawing in his
room when you phoned him yesterday morning
a.
……………………….
b.
……………………….
7.
He was eating lunch when you contacted me in the office yesterday
a.
……………………….
b.
……………………….
8.
The students were discussing
the lesson when the teacher
entered the class room
a.
……………………….
b.
……………………….
9.
Jane was reading in the library when she
first met her husband .
a.
……………………….
b.
……………………….
10. It was raining hard when I arrived at school yesterday morning
a.
……………………….
b.
……………………….
Exercise
Three
Put the
sentence in positive, negative or interrogative
1.
+ He was doing homework with his
friend last night
-
……………………………………………………………………….
?
……………………………………………………………………….
2.
+ ……………………………………………………………………….
-
Tina wasn’t going to take her mother to her brother’s in law last week
?
………………………………………………………………………..
3.
+ ………………………………………………………………………..
-
………………………………………………………………………..
?
………………………………………………………………………..
4.
+ My father was reading a book
when I studied last night
-
………………………………………………………………………..
?
………………………………………………………………………..
5.
+ ………………………………………………………………………..
-
We weren’t working in the garden when my sister served our lunch.
?
………………………………………………………………………..
D.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Present
perfect continuous tense adalah (waktu selesai sedang berlangsung sekarang)
menyatakan perbuatan yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung
hingga sekarang.
|
+
Example:
1.
I have been staying at his place
this month.
2.
We have been waiting for you since
eight o’clock.
3.
She has been studying in PB
Soedirman two years.
|
–
Example:
1.
I have not been staying at his
place this month.
2.
They have not been sitting here
since seven o’clock.
3.
He has been thinking about
changing his mayor.
|
?
Example:
1.
Has it been raining all day?
2.
He has been working at the same
store for ten years?
3.
Has she been sleeping on the floor
lately?
Penggunaan
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
1.
Present perfect continuous tense
digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu kejadian yang terjadi pada waktu lampau,
masih berlangsung sampai sekarang, dan masih akan berlangsung/diteruskan pada
waktu yang akan datang.
Example:
·
She has been studying
English for six month.
·
They have been living in Bogor for two years.
·
He has been working on the
report for four hours.
2.
Present perfect continuous tense
juga digunakan untuk menyatakan sudah berapa lama berlangsungnya suatu kejadian
atau peristiwa.
Example:
·
How long have you been
waiting for me?
·
Has he been waiting for me
long?
·
They have been watching
television since this morning.
3.
Present perfect continuous tense
juga digunakan dengan how long, since, for, untuk menunjukkansuatu kegiatan
atau peristiwa yang terjadi berulang kali.
Example:
·
How long have you been
smoking cigarettes?
·
My father has been smoking
for ten years.
·
My little sister has been
collecting stamps since was still six years old.
Exercise one:
Example : The workers
(work on) ______ the building for two years.
The workers have been working on the building for two years.
1.
Neni (read) _______ the novel for
two hours.
2.
They (live) _______ in this city
for seven years.
3.
We (travel) _______ for five days
and we are still only half way to Paris .
4.
My elder brother (repair) _______
the car since this morning.
5.
My sister is learning the piano.
She (practice) _______ since lunch time.
6.
The children (play) _______ in the
garden for two hours.
7.
His uncle (drive) _______ taxi for
ten years.
8.
My brother (paint) _______ the
house since this morning.
9.
The students (do) _______ their
English exercise for one hour.
10.
The typist (type) _______ the
report for one hour.
Exercise two: Put in the present perfect or the
present perfect continuous tense.
Example :
They (sunbathe) _______
on the beach for more than three hours.
They (not here) ________ their lunch yet.
They
have been sunbathing on the beach for more than three hours. They have not had
their lunch yet.
1.
The nice (eat) _______1
those bananas again. Look! There are several holes in them. We (set) _______2
traps, but mice are too smart.
2.
Since she started working in the
office, she (attend) _______3 classes to improve her shorthand.
3.
He (complete) _______4
his job. He deserve at rest now.
4.
The farmer (wait) _______5
for the rains to come so that he can plant his crops.
5.
The cargo ships (come) ________6
into the harbor. Many workers (unload) _______7 the goods since this
morning.
6.
I’m sorry (not pay) ________8
attention to you. I ________9 well lately, and I (feel) _______10
ill the whole morning.
7.
He (make) _______11 a
catapult and (shoot) _______12 at the birds all morning.
8.
We (wait) _______13
here for an hour, but Tony (not turn) ________14 up yet.
9.
The police (look) ________15
for him in vain. Everybody says they (not see) _______16 him.
10.
He (lose) _______17 his
wallet and (try) _______18 to find it. But he (have) _______19
no success so far.
11.
I (walk) _______20
three kilometers, but I have not seen a single house yet.
We
use the present perfect tense to denote or action
Complete at the moment of
speaking
|
v
I have visited this place
twice
v
She has left for office
v
He has just bought a new
motorcycle
v
We have tried to contact
her three times this morning
v
They have met him before
In this case we often use words
like already, ever, finally, recently, never etc.
In negative sentence we put not
after has/have and it was followed by past participle / Verb 3.
|
v
You have not done your
report for this week
v
She hasn’t cash the cheque
v
Yuda hasn’t paid his
installment for this month
v
I haven’t met him before.
In interrogative sentence we put
the auxiliary ( has/have) in front of the sentence. and it is answered by
positive short answer ( yes, …) or negative short answer (no, ….)
|
v
Have you done your home work?
Yes, I have
No, I have
v
Has she talked to Mrs. Eli?
Yes, she has
No, she has
not
Exercise one:
Put the present perfect tense of
the verbs in the brackets.
Example: The level of the water (rise) ………… since last night
The
level of water has risen since last night.
1.
……………… 1 you ( tell) …………..2 your mother about
it ?
2.
They ………………3 already (send)
………………4 in their subscriptions
for the magazine.
3.
He (not eat) ………………5
breakfast yet.
4.
They (be) ………………6 in and out of court since last month. Now
everything (be settled) ………………7
5.
Her grandfather ………………8 just
(make) ………………9 a will ………………10 she (hear) ………………11 about it?
6.
The plumber (be) ………………12
here for a while already, but he (not start) ………………13 on his work yet.
He says that he (forget) ………………14 to bring a few tools.
7.
That house ………………15 just
(be sold) ………………16 Do you know who bought it?
8.
The paint work of the car (be
scratched) ………………17
The front
lamps (be broken) ………………18
9.
She (take) ………………19 the kettle off the stove, and she (make) ………………20
some tea
Exercise two
Put the following sentence
into present perfect tense and then change them into negative and interrogative
use the verbs in the parentheses!
Example: We (do) ………… our English exercises.
We have done
our English exercises
We have not
done our English exercise
Have we done
our English exercise?
1.
The two men (play) …………
table tennis since this morning
+
-
?
2.
My sister (teach) ………… English
in senior high school for five years
+
-
?
3.
She (read) ………… novel for one hour
+
-
?
4.
The mechanic (repair) …………
my car since this morning
+
-
?
5.
I (try) ………… to contact him
twice this morning
+
-
?
6.
He (visit) ………… this place
twice this year
+
-
?
7.
My father (leave) ………… for
office
+
-
?
8.
All passengers (abandon) ………… the
burning ship
+
-
?
E.
Adverb of place
and time
Adverbs
of frequency, manner, place and time
a.
We usually use an adverb or
adverbial phrase of manner after the verb or its object.
v
He ran swiftly to
the hospital
v
She spoken in a soft
voice
v
He greeted his guests politely
v
I left the room in a
hurry
b.
We also use an adverb or adverbial phrase of place after the verb or its object
v
Did they go there
v
She went to the rail way
station by taxi
v
My brother drove him here
v
The children played with
the ball in the garden
c.
An adverb or adverbial phrase of
time is usually used at either and of the sentence, but not in the middle.
v
Do you want to go now ?
v
I shall meet you at room
tomorrow
v
Soon we will have to
go
v
All his life he did
as he wished
d.
We must never put an adverb or
adverbial phrase between the verb and its object is immediately after the verb.
v
She read the letter loudly
(not : read loudly the letter)
v
He beat the boy brutally
( not : brutally the boy)
v
She shut the door angrily
(not : shut angrily the door)
But we can say
v
He fought bravely
against the current
v
She spoke softly to the weeping child
v
The cat cried pitifully for milk
e.
There are not fixed rules
concerning the positions of two or more adverbs used in one sentence. You can
place however you like but the usual order is.
|
v
She song sweetly at the
concert last night
v
The man walked like a drunk
along the road yesterday
v
They played joy fully in
the field during the interval.
Exercise one:
Example: She was (at the office, by ten o’clock )
She was at the
office by ten o’clock .
1.
He wanted to do that (very much,
all his life)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2.
She is going (on Monday, to Sandy land, for two weeks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3.
The pupils stayed (all morning,
quietly, in class)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4.
That old woman was born (in the
year 1890, at four o’clock ,
on new years eve)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5.
He has worked (through out the
week, very hard, in class)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
6.
She danced (at the city Hall, last
week, gracefully, in the concert)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
7.
Shall I meet you (out side the
cinema, on Tuesday, at noon )
…………………………………………………………………………………………
8.
He spoke to us (on our way to
school, suddenly, this morning)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
9.
The new boy grinned when he met us
(at the fucks hop, sheepishly)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
10. He swerved when he rounded the corner (to the pavement,
violently)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
11. I bought a pair of shoes (last Saturday, in that shop, at the
annual sale)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
12. He arrived (at the office, late, this morning)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
13. The beggar told his tale as he sat on the sidewalk (pitifully,
everyday)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
14. The boy chased the goats (when he saw them eating plants,
angrily, out of the garden)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
15. The runners ran (round the field, during the area, as fast as
they could)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
16. He listen to the teacher (in the class, attentively, every day)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
17. The car ran over the dog while it was running cross the road
(accidentally, a few minutes ago)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
18. I do my homework (always, in my room, in the afternoon)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
19. He rebuked the boy (yesterday, loudly, when he saw him bullying
another boy)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
20. The robbery took place ( in the afternoon, in the galaxy
goldsmith, at two o’clock )
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Review Semester 2
Choose a suitable form of the verb and complete the
sentence.
1. Arman ……………… with
his grand parents when he became champion
- was living
- is living
- have lived
- lives
- lived
2. They ……………… a wedding party when it began to rain
- is attending
- have attended
- were attending
- had attended
- has attendant
3. The students ……………… part in a football match when Abidin
was injured
- is taking
- were taking part
- are taking
- will be taking part
- was taking part
4. Soraya’s mother ……………… to bed when the phone rang
- is going
- was going
- goes
- will be going
- have gone
5. We ……………… our neighbors when we saw a plane landing
- was visiting
- is visiting
- were visiting
- will be going
- have visited
6. Ardi and his brother ……………… on their father’s form when
lighting struck
- were working
- is working
- will work
- are working
- will be working
7. My sister ……………… in basketball game when she injured her
leg
- are playing
- plays
- is playing
- was playing
- were playing
8. The little boy ……………… very fast when he was hit by a truck
- is riding
- rides
- are riding
- was riding
- were riding
9. Tyo ……………… the ball
when the other player hit him
- was dribbling
- is dribbling
- were dribbling
- dribbled
- has dribbled
10. The crowd ……………… when the actors
come back on stage
- was clapped
- is clapping
- was clapped
- clapped
- are clapped
11. Eris ……………… in a seaside resort
- growing up
- grew
- has grown up
- grow
- grows
12. My parents ……………… in the
same house for twenty two years
- are living
- lived
- will live
- have lived
- has lived
13. We ……………… our meal at this
restaurant many times
- had
- have had
- are having
- has
- have
14. Mono : Roby ……………… the household chores all her life
Roby : She is still doing it.
- does
- did
- hos done
- is doing
- do
15. My grand parents ……………… Bandung
- have settled
- settled
- will settled
- settles
- has settled
16. The boys ……………… in the main stadium before
- played
- have played
- has played
- are played
- will be playing
17. This tree ……………… since last December
- has grown
- grew
- will grow
- grows
- grow
18. I ……………… the day’s
marketing already
- have done
- will do
- does
- did
- was doing
19. The ship ……………… the port
of Hongkong yesterday
- leave
- left
- have left
- has left
- leave
20. The wind ……………… down the trees in the park
- blows
- will blow
- has blown
- is blowing
- blow
21. We ……………… about you. We ……………… the news we
just heard on the radio
- do not talk – discussed
- didn’t talk – were discussing
- weren’t talk – were discussing
- wasn’t talked – discussed
- didn’t talk – was discussing
22. While I ……………… with my uncle
in green wood park. I often ……………… him on his fishing trips
- Stayed – accompany
- Was staying – was accompany
- Was staying – accompanied
- Stayed – was accompanying
- Stayed – accompanied
23. When I ……………… at the
cinema, Richard ……………… for me
- arrived – waited
- arrived – was waiting
- arrived – were waiting
- was arriving – were waiting
- was arriving – was waiting
24. I was studying (at School, very
hard, all day yesterday)
- I was studying all day yesterday at school very hard
- I was studying all day yesterday very hard at school
- I was studying all very hard at school all day yesterday
- I was studying at school very hard all day yesterday
- I was studying all very hard all day yesterday at school
25. She meet you (in the book store,
today, at 5 o’clock)
- She meet you at 5 o’clock in the book store today
- She meet you in the book store today at 5 o’clock
- She meet you today in the book store at 5 o’clock
- She meet you in the book store today at 5 o’clock
- She meet you today at 5 o’clock in the book store
The end
