1.
Period or Full Stop. We use a period or full stop at the end of the all sentences
except questions and exclamations.
The price of gold is currently very high.
There are several Middle Eastern restaurants
near the campus.
We also use a period with most abbreviations. Your teacher will explain
to you the abbreviated forms in the following sentences.
I plan to visit some art galleries when I go
to Washington , D.C.
Yoko wants to travel across the U.S.
He got a B.A. degree from the University of Michigan
Dr. Swisher is a professor in the school of Education
2.
Question Mark. We use a question mark at the end of
a question.
Did you see the movie at the Strand Theater
last week?
Have you ever been to Buenos Aires ?
3.
Exclamation Mark. We use an exclamation mark to express
strong feeling.
Help!
I don’t believe you!
What a beautiful day!
Note: Exclamation
marks are not used frequently in academic writing.
CAPITALIZATION
There are two kinds of letters in the English alphabet. Capital
letters are usually larger and sometimes have a different shape than small
letters.
There are several important rules for using capital letters. You must
capitalize:
1.
The first word of a sentence
The people had to wit hours for the concert to begin.
A good diet is important for good health.
2.
The pronoun I
I am always tired when I get home from classes.
3.
Names of people
Jack Scott
Susan Martin
Carlos Perez
Mohammed Al-Shehri
4.
Titles that appear with names
Title Abbreviation
Professor Prof.
Mister Mr.
Mrs. (married
woman)
Miss (unmarried
woman)
Ms. (woman)
(Your teacher will explain these titles and
give some examples of their use).
5.
Names of cities
6.
Names of states and countries
7.
Names of continents, oceans, lakes, rivers, deserts, mountains, and
important geographic divisions.
the Pacific Ocean
the Sahara Desert
the Andes Mountains
the Far East
the Middle West
8.
Names of institutions and organizations.
the United Nations
American Telephone and Telegraph
the English Language Institute
the University of Maine
9.
Names of specific buildings
the White House
the Burke Building
Baxter Library
Note: in 7, 8, and 9
above we do not capitalize the, or words such as of or and.
10.
Names of streets
11.
Brand name
Westinghouse
Kodak
Standard Oil
12.
Names of languages and nationalities
Japanese
Spanish
Arabic
American
13.
Days of the week and their abbreviations
Day Abbreviation
Monday Mon.
Tuesday Tues.
Wednesday Wed.
Thursday Thurs.
Friday Fri.
Saturday Sat.
Sunday Sun.
14.
Months of the year and their abbreviations
Month Abbreviation
January Jan.
February Feb.
March Mar.
April Apr.
May
June
July
August Aug.
September Sept.
October Oct.
November Nov.
December Dec.
15.
Holidays
Ramadan
Christmas
Labor Day
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Rewrite
the following sentences adding the proper end punctuation and capital
letters. Also, put a period where necessary after an abbreviation.
Example : my birthday is in september
My birthday is in September.
1.
smith hall is the main administration building at eastern university
2.
classes of the English language institute meet on monday, tuesday,
thursday, and friday
3.
dr whitney told jorge, the student from peru , that he must have an
operation next week
4.
is Manchester
or concord the capital of new
hampshire
5.
i know that mohammed plans to begin his academic work at princeton
university in new jersey
next january
6.
ford and general motors are both companies that are located in michigan
7.
jordan , egypt , and syria are
countries of the middle east
8.
professor carmen teachers spanish, french, and italian at american
university in washington ,
d.c
9.
the mississippi river and the colorado river are two of the longest
rivers in the united states
10.
when you go to new york ,
try to visit the united nations
11.
the foreign students office in barker hall provides many valuable
service for foreign students at newport
collage
12.
during ramadan, an important holiday in the moslem religion, people
must fast
13.
where are you from
Exercise 2.
1.
Write your present address. Remember to capitalize all of the necessary
words.
2.
Write the address of your school.
The Comma
Use commas in the following cases:
1.
To separate the parts of an address (street, apartment number, city,
and state)
He lives at 101 Kendall Avenue, Apartment 3 , Chicago , Illinois
My address is 514 Fairmount Street , Los
Angeles , California
but
He lives on Fifth Avenue in Pittsburg .
2.
To separate the date and the year
I was born on December 18, 1947 .
3.
To separate items in a series
We had chicken, rice, and beans
for dinner.
He’s taking courses in physics,
sociology, anthropology, and mathematics.
He walked to the store, bought some
groceries, and then went to the Laundromat.
It was a long, expensive,
boring trip.
Use a comma after each item in a series including the item before the
word and. However, when there are only two items joined by and,
do not use a comma.
We had chicken and rice for dinner.
He’s taking courses in physics and
mathematics.
We walked to the store and then went to the
Laundromat.
It was a long and boring trip.
Exercise. Rewrite
each of the following sentences putting a comma where necessary. In some
sentences, no comma is necessary.
Example 1 : You
can buy cigarettes shaving cream cosmetics and aspirin at the drugstore on the
corner.
You can buy cigarettes, shaving cream,
cosmetics, and aspirin at the drugstore on the corner.
Example 2 : I
forgot to bring my grammar book and my homework assignment to class today.
I
forgot to bring my grammar book and my homework assignment to class today.
1.
That house on Aiken Street
has a living room dining room kitchen three bedrooms and a bathroom.
2.
A typewriter an adding machine and two chairs were stolen from the
office last night.
3.
Pronunciation grammar reading and writing are taught in beginning and
intermediated levels.
4.
My address is 4510 North
Ivy Street Apt. 310 Detroit Michigan
5.
They will leave for Colombia
on January 5 1978 .
6.
Air pollution crime in the streets and lack of housing are problems in
many large cities today.
7.
I must speak to my advisor register for classes and buy my books before
June 15th.
8.
Maria is an intelligent attractive kind person.
9.
We had steak salad potatoes and ice cream for dinner last night.
10.
We moved the Denver
on March 14 1985 .
11.
The president traveled to Brazil and Venezuela on
his most recent trip.
12.
On Saturday we usually clean the house do the laundry and buy
groceries.
13.
I have to buy some soap and shampoo at the campus store.
14.
Earlier today I went to the bookstore and bought some books paper pens
and a record.
15.
Every country need money to educate its children build houses and roads
and pay the government employees.
The Apostrophe
EXPLANATION
An apostrophe is used to indicated possession or belonging.
The teacher’s announcement surprised
us.
Bob’s wallet was stolen sometime last night.
We are certain that the president’s
new economic plan will fail.
Singular Nouns
1.
Add an apostrophe and an s to singular nouns which do not end in
s.
Linda’s house went on sale last week.
The dog’s barking kept us awake all
night.
The director’s duties were increased
after her assistant’s job was eliminated.
You should also add an apostrophe and an s
to indefinite pronouns.
I don’t know anyone’s name.
What is everyone’s favorite flavor?
2.
Add an apostrophe and an s to singular nouns which end is s.
The actress’s father is in the
audience tonight.
James’s ideas are often strange, but always interesting.
Sometimes you will see only an apostrophe
added to singular nouns ending in s.
the actress’ father
James’ idea
Plural Nouns
3.
Add an apostrophe to plural nouns which end in s.
The boys’ parents were upset by their
behavior.
My employer owes me three weeks’ pay.
The teacher got tired of hearing the students’
complaints.
4.
Add an apostrophe and an s to irregular plurals.
Children’s toys have become quite expensive.
The thief ran away and disappeared into the men’s
room.
Compounds and Word Groups
5.
Add an apostrophe and an s to the last word of a compound word
or group of words.
Everyone in the family my sister-in-law’s
cooking.
The secretary of agriculture’s policy
was unpopular with the farmers.
Summary
Apostrophe + s
Apostrophe
|
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Rewrite
the sentences using apostrophes to show possession or belonging.
Example 1 : John
book is on the floor near the sofa.
John’s
book is on the floor near the sofa.
Example 2 : The
girls dresses are both white.
The
girls’ dresses are both white.
1.
The man car is a blue Volkswagen.
2.
The boys grades must improve if they want to go to engineering school.
3.
The women papers got wet in the rain.
4.
Is it true that the students books were stolen from the library?
5.
The University Drama Club us performing Shakespeare Macbeth next
month.
6.
How long has your cousin daughter been living with you?
7.
Are vegetables anyone favorite food?
8.
What were the secretary of state opinions on this matter?
9.
Many teenagers disagree with their parent views.
10.
I hope that cleaning up is someone else responsibility.
Exercise 2. Rewrite
each of the following items using a construction with an apostrophe.
Example 1 : The
house that my neighbor bought
my
neighbor’s house
Example 2 : the toys that belong to the children
The
children’s toys
1.
the soccer team at the university
2.
the paper that Bill wrote
3.
the job of the editor-in-chief
4.
the bedroom that the boys sleep in
5.
the choice of everyone
6.
the office of the women
7.
the personal computer that Charles bought
8.
the car belongs to the priest
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