Standar Kompetensi:
Membaca: Memahami makna teks fungsional pendek dan esei sederhana
berbentuk narrative, descriptive dan
news item dalam konteks kehidupan
sehari-hari dan untuk mengakses ilmu pengetahuan
Kompetensi
Dasar:
Merespon makna dalam teks
monolog sederhana yang menggunakan ragam bahasa lisan secara akurat, lancar dan berterima dalam
konteks kehidupan sehari-hari dalam teks berbentuk; narrative, descriptive, dan
news item
1.
Tujuan
Pembelajaran
·
Siswa dapat menentkan jenis teks, ciri dan bentuk
retorika dari teks news item.
·
Siswa dapat
menentukan inti berita dan sumber berita yang dibaca
·
Siswa dapat mengidentifikasi main idea dari teks yang
didengar
·
Siswa dapat mengidentifikasi tokoh dari cerita yang didengar
·
Siswa dapat mengidentifikasi kejadian dalam teks yang
didengar
·
Siswa dapat mengidentifikasi inti berita yang didengar
·
Siswa dapat mengidentifikasi sumber berita yang
didengar
News Item (Berita)
1. Ciri Umum:
(a) The communicative purpose:
To inform the reader, listeners or viewers about events of the day which
are considered newswothy or important
Memberitakan kepada pembaca, pendengar atau penonton tentang
peristiwa-peristiwa atau kejadian-kejadian yang dipandang penting atau layak diberitakan.
(b) Struktur Teks:
Newsworthy events: Recounts the events in summary form
(Kejadian inti)
Background Events: elaborate what happened, to whom, in what
circumstances. (Latar belakang: elaborasi kejadian, orang yang terlibat, tempat
kejadian dsb)
Sources: Comments by participants in, witnesses to and
authorities expert on the events (Sumber informasi: komentar saksi kejadian,
pendapat para ahli, dsb)
(c) Ciri Kebahasaan:
Informasi singkat tertuang dalam headline
Menggunakan action verbs
Menggunakan saying verbs, misalnya say, tell, dsb.
Menggunakan kata keterangan, misalnya badly injured, the most beautiful
bride in the world, dsb.
Text one:
1.
Contoh dan Struktur Teks:
|
|
Town ‘Contaminated
|
|
Kejadian Inti
|
|
|
Latar belakang: elaborasi
|
Yelena Vazrshavskya was the first journalist to speak to
people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base
of shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock.
|
|
|
The accident, which occurred 13 months before the
|
|
Sumber Informasi
|
A board of investigators was later to
describe it as the
worst accident in the history of the Soviet Navy.
|
Exercise 1: Answer the
question
- What is the communicative purpose of the text?
- …another Soviet nuclear catastrophe…
What is the synonym of the
underlined word?
- How many people who die?
- Who was the first journalist speaking to witnessed?
- Who was the source of the text?
- When did the accident happen?
- What is the dominant structure of the text?
- …more than 600 tons of contaminated material…
What is the synonym of the
underlined word?
- What happened with the nuclear submarine at the naval base of Shkotovo?
Text two:
Pirates ringleader admits to murder
JAMBI: A pirate leader admitted, Wednesday, that
his gang had been involved in six robberies and killed two police officers.
Itham Guntur, told police
investigators that the gang consisted of six people, all former member of ship
crews. “Because we are all ex-crew members, we know the major shipping lanes,
such as Sunda strait and East Jambi coasts very well, ”he said.
Itham identified the
murdered officers as Brigadier General Mulyadi from South Sumatera Police and
Brigadier General Kennedy from the Jakarta police.
The pirates targeted cargo
ship, fishing boats and oil tankers. Antara
(Taken from: The Jakarta Post,
2006)
Exercise two:
1.
What is the communicative purpose of the text?
2.
Who was Itham Guntur?
3.
How many people consist in the gang?
4.
Why do they know the major shipping lane?
5.
A pirate leader admitted...
What is the synonym of the underlined word?
6.
What are the pirate target?
7.
Who was the source of the text?
8.
Who are murdered by Itham Guntur?
9.
Why did they know the major shipping lanes?
10.
Text three:
MELBOURNE, Jan 22 (UPI) — Fire
authorities in four Australian states are to control bushfires fanned by strong
winds and searing temperature.
The
Australian reported Sunday that blazes continued in South
Australia , Tasmania , Western Australia and Victoria , where up to six homes have
destroyed. In South Australia ,
much of Adelide is engulfed in thick smoke. The firefighters who are confronted
by blast-furnace winds try to bring the flames under control.
At
Robertstown in the state’s mid-north, more than 2,500 acres have already
burned. Another bushfire, started by lightening, charred the earth near Mouth
Flat on the southern side of Kangoroo Island , while Ngarkat Conservation
Park
A
7,500-acre fire at Mount
Agnew
The
most serious fires were in Voctoria, where up to six homes were destroyed by a
fire near the town of Anakie , 36 miles west of Melbourne .
In
Tasmania ,
falling temperatures and patchy rain brought some relief to firefighters, who
continued to monitor 22 blazes across the state.
Exercise three:
- What is the text about?
- "..., while
What do the
underlined words mean?
- The fires increasingly happened in some parts of
- The reporter most likely got the information from…
- How many homes were destroyed by a fire near the town of Anakie?
- What is the communicative purpose of the text?
- What is the main idea of paragraph 2?
- …. homes were destroyed… (paragraph 5)
What is the
synonym of the underlined word?
9.
What happened in Tasmania?
Exercise four:
Match the words in column A with the meanings in column B
|
A
|
B
|
|
1.
Headline
2.
Article
3.
Magazine
4.
Source
5.
Column
6.
Tabloid
7.
Newspaper
8.
Factual
9.
Current
10. Editorial
|
a.
vertical division of a printed
page or of a newspaper, occupied regularly by one subject
b.
now passing
c.
piece of writing in a newspaper
d.
paper-covered usually weekly or
monthly, and illustrated periodical, with stories articles, etc by various
writers
e.
special article of discussion of
news in a newspaper etc, usually written by the editor
f.
small size newspaper with many
picture, strip cartoons, etc. and with its news presented in simplified form
g.
original documents
h.
concerned with fact
i.
printed publication usually
issued every day, with news, advertisement, etc.
j.
newspaper heading; line at the
top of a page containing title, etc
|
Exercise five:
Complete the sentences using the words from task 4
1.
If you want to know the current
news, read a………………………
2.
You can find the …………………for news
today on the first page.
3.
The reporter conveys the
………………………events from the location where the accident happened.
4.
The newspaper presents the issue
of tsunami disaster on its…………………….corner.
5.
You can read the complete news on page 15 …………………………three.
6.
Teens………………………usually provide
information about music, movies, and mode.
7.
When you write a scientific
research, you must write the …………………….from which you get the information.
8.
Watch the most ………………………..news
about celebrities and Hot News every day.
9.
I want to buy a ……………………….because
I need an easy reading material.
10. If you send an ……………………….to a printed media, you are usually
rewarded with a reasonable free.
The Past Continuous Tense
The past
continuous tense is an action which was occurring in the past and was
interrupted by another action in this case the general rule is.
S be V1 ing + S V2
v
I was walking down the
street when it began to rain
v
He was waiting for the bus
when I bet him yesterday
v
She was doing her home work
when her father came last night
v
They were cleaning their
house when I saw them last week
v
We were listening to the
music when he slept yesterday evening
v
It was sleeping when I
Wanted to feed it yesterday
v
You were having dinner when
Intan
In negative statement we put not
after the to be (was, were).
S be
not V1 ing + S V2
v
Edi wasn’t doing his home
work when his mother went out last night
v
Abdul and Robby weren’t
feeding the dog when their mother told him last week
v
When I came home last
night, my little sister was doing her home work
In interrogative sentence we put
was/were in front of the sentence.
|
I was
You were
We were
They were
He was
She was
It was
|
Were you
reading a novel when I called?
Were the
children playing in the garden at 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon?
Exercise one:
Add the correct past form of
the verbs parentheses to form
Simple past or past
continuous,
1.
Jack (not feel) ………….1 I
very well so he (consult) ………… 2 his doctor.
2.
He (speak) ………….3 on the telephone when the waiter (bring) ………….4
his coffee
3.
The doctor (ask) ………….5 whether
I always (take) ………….6 my
medicine.
4.
I (hear) ………….7 a sound. Perhaps my elder brother (talk) ………….8
in his sleep last night
5.
When the ambulance (arrive) ………….9
the patient (sleep) ………….10 soundly
yesterday
6.
The children (go) ………….11
swimming when we (be) ………….12 in
holiday in Bali . Last month.
7.
She (wear) ………….13 her new skin when I (saw) ………….14 her
at the party last night
8.
Columbus
(try) ………….15 to reach India
when he (find) ………….16 America .
9.
Peter (look) ………….17 at me
as he (speak) ………….18
10. We (have) ………….19 lunch when you (contact) ………….20 me in
the office yesterday
Exercise Two:
Make questions based on the
underline words
Example: He was doing her
homework when I came to her house yesterday afternoon.
What was
she doing when you came to her house yesterday afternoon ?
1.
John was eating his
lunch when I came to pick her this
morning
a. ……………………….
b. ……………………….
2.
We were discussing Our lesson
at five o’clock yesterday
afternoon
a.
……………………….
b.
……………………….
3.
I got a phone call from my house when I was working in the
office
a.
……………………….
b.
……………………….
4.
When she come to my house last night, we were listening
to the radio
a.
……………………….
b.
……………………….
5.
She was cleaning the
kitchen while her husband was painting the house
a.
……………………….
b.
……………………….
6.
Jack was drawing in his
room when you phoned him yesterday morning
a.
……………………….
b.
……………………….
7.
He was eating lunch when you contacted me in the office yesterday
a.
……………………….
b.
……………………….
8.
The students were discussing
the lesson when the teacher
entered the class room
a.
……………………….
b.
……………………….
9.
Jane was reading in the
library when she first met her husband.
a.
……………………….
b.
……………………….
10. It was raining hard when I arrived at school yesterday morning
a.
……………………….
b.
……………………….
Exercise
Three
Put the
sentence in positive, negative or interrogative
1.
+ He was doing homework with his
friend last night
-
……………………………………………………………………….
?
……………………………………………………………………….
2.
+ ……………………………………………………………………….
-
Tina wasn’t going to take her mother to her brother’s in law last week
?
………………………………………………………………………..
3.
+ ………………………………………………………………………..
-
………………………………………………………………………..
?
………………………………………………………………………..
4.
+ My father was reading a book
when I studied last night
-
………………………………………………………………………..
?
………………………………………………………………………..
5.
+ ………………………………………………………………………..
-
We weren’t working in the garden when my sister served our lunch.
?
………………………………………………………………………..
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Present
perfect continuous tense adalah (waktu selesai sedang berlangsung sekarang)
menyatakan perbuatan yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung
hingga sekarang.
|
S + have/has +
been + V1 ing
|
+
Example:
1.
I have been staying at his place
this month.
2.
We have been waiting for you since
eight o’clock.
3.
She has been studying in PB
Soedirman two years.
|
S + have/has +
not + been
+ V1 ing
|
–
Example:
1.
I have not been staying at his
place this month.
2.
They have not been sitting here
since seven o’clock.
3.
He has been thinking about
changing his mayor.
|
Have/has
+ S +
been + V1 ing
|
?
Example:
1.
Has it been raining all day?
2.
He has been working at the same
store for ten years?
3.
Has she been sleeping on the floor
lately?
Penggunaan
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
1.
Present perfect continuous tense
digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu kejadian yang terjadi pada waktu lampau,
masih berlangsung sampai sekarang, dan masih akan berlangsung/diteruskan pada
waktu yang akan datang.
Example:
·
She has been studying
English for six month.
·
They have been living in Bogor for two years.
·
He has been working on the
report for four hours.
2.
Present perfect continuous tense
juga digunakan untuk menyatakan sudah berapa lama berlangsungnya suatu kejadian
atau peristiwa.
Example:
·
How long have you been
waiting for me?
·
Has he been waiting for me
long?
·
They have been watching
television since this morning.
3.
Present perfect continuous tense
juga digunakan dengan how long, since, for, untuk menunjukkansuatu kegiatan
atau peristiwa yang terjadi berulang kali.
Example:
·
How long have you been
smoking cigarettes?
·
My father has been smoking
for ten years.
·
My little sister has been
collecting stamps since was still six years old.
Exercise one:
Example : The workers
(work on) ______ the building for two years.
The workers have been working on the building for two years.
1.
Neni (read) _______ the novel for
two hours.
2.
They (live) _______ in this city
for seven years.
3.
We (travel) _______ for five days
and we are still only half way to Paris .
4.
My elder brother (repair) _______
the car since this morning.
5.
My sister is learning the piano.
She (practice) _______ since lunch time.
6.
The children (play) _______ in the
garden for two hours.
7.
His uncle (drive) _______ taxi for
ten years.
8.
My brother (paint) _______ the
house since this morning.
9.
The students (do) _______ their
English exercise for one hour.
10.
The typist (type) _______ the
report for one hour.
Exercise two:
Put in the present perfect or
the present perfect continuous tense.
Example
:
They (sunbathe) _______
on the beach for more than three hours.
They (not have) ________ their lunch yet.
They
have been sunbathing on the beach for more than three hours. They have not had
their lunch yet.
1.
The mice (eat) _______1
those bananas again. Look! There are several holes in them. We (set) _______2
traps, but mice are too smart.
2.
Since she started working in the
office, she (attend) _______3 classes to improve her shorthand.
3.
He (complete) _______4
his job. He deserve at rest now.
4.
The farmer (wait) _______5
for the rains to come so that he can plant his crops.
5.
The cargo ships (come) ________6
into the harbor. Many workers (unload) _______7 the goods since this
morning.
6.
I’m sorry (not pay) ________8
attention to you. I (not feel)________9 well lately, and I (feel)
_______10 ill the whole morning.
7.
He (make) _______11 a
catapult and (shoot) _______12 at the birds all morning.
8.
We (wait) _______13
here for an hour, but Tony (not turn) ________14 up yet.
9.
The police (look) ________15
for him in vain. Everybody says they (not see) _______16 him.
10.
He (lose) _______17 his
wallet and (try) _______18 to find it. But he (have) _______19
no success so far.
11.
I (walk) _______20
three kilometers, but I have not seen a single house yet.
We use the present perfect tense to denote or
action
Complete at the moment of
speaking
|
S
has/have V3
|
v
I have visited this place
twice
v
She has left for office
v
He has just bought a new
motorcycle
v
We have tried to contact
her three times this morning
v
They have met him before
In this case we often use words
like already, ever, finally, recently, never etc.
In negative sentence we put not
after has/have and it was followed by past participle / Verb 3.
|
S
has/have not V3
|
v
You have not done your
report for this week
v
She hasn’t cash the cheque
v
Yuda hasn’t paid his
installment for this month
v
I haven’t met him before.
In interrogative sentence we put
the auxiliary ( has/have) in front of the sentence. And it is answered by
positive short answer ( yes, …) or negative short answer (no, ….)
|
Have/has
|
v
Have you done your home
work?
Yes, I have
No, I have
v
Has she talked to Mrs. Eli?
Yes, she has
No, she has not
Exercise one:
Put the present perfect tense
of the verbs in the brackets.
Example: The level of the water (rise) ………… since last night
The
level of water has risen since last night.
1.
……………… 1 you ( tell) …………..2 your mother about
it ?
2.
They ………………3 already (send)
………………4 in their subscriptions
for the magazine.
3.
He (not eat) ………………5
breakfast yet.
4.
They (be) ………………6 in and out of court since last month. Now
everything (be settled) ………………7
5.
Her grandfather ………………8 just
(make) ………………9 a will ………………10 she (hear) ………………11 about
it?
6.
The plumber (be) ………………12
here for a while already, but he (not start) ………………13 on his work yet.
He says that he (forget) ………………14 to bring a few tools.
7.
That house ………………15 just
(be sold) ………………16 Do you know who bought it?
8.
The paint work of the car (be
scratched) ………………17
The front lamps
(be broken) ………………18
9.
She (take) ………………19 the kettle off the stove, and she (make) ………………20
some tea
Exercise two:
Put the following sentence
into present perfect tense and then change them into negative and interrogative
use the verbs in the parentheses!
Example: We (do) ………… our English exercises.
+ We have done
our English exercises
-
We have not done our English
exercise
? Have we done
our English exercise?
1.
The two men (play) …………
table tennis since this morning
+
-
?
2.
My sister (teach) ………… English
in senior high school for five years
+
-
?
3.
She (read) ………… novel for one hour
+
-
?
4.
The mechanic (repair) …………
my car since this morning
+
-
?
5.
I (try) ………… to contact him
twice this morning
+
-
?
6.
He (visit) ………… this place
twice this year
+
-
?
7.
My father (leave) ………… for
office
+
-
?
8.
All passengers (abandon) ………… the
burning ship
+
-
?
Adverb of place and time
Adverbs of frequency, manner, place and time
a.
We usually use an adverb or
adverbial phrase of manner after the verb or its object.
v He ran swiftly to the hospital
v She spoken in a soft voice
v He greeted his guests politely
v I left the room in a hurry
b.
We also use an adverb or adverbial phrase of place after the verb or its object
v
Did they go there
v
She went to the rail way
station by taxi
v
My brother drove him here
v
The children played with
the ball in the garden
c.
An adverb or adverbial phrase of
time is usually used at either end of the sentence, but not in the middle.
v
Do you want to go now ?
v
I shall meet you at room
tomorrow
v
Soon we will have to
go
v
All his life he did
as he wished
d.
We must never put an adverb or
adverbial phrase between the verb and its object is immediately after the verb.
v
She read the letter loudly
(not : read loudly the letter)
v
He beat the boy brutally
( not : brutally the boy)
v
She shut the door angrily
(not : shut angrily the door)
But we can say
v
He fought bravely
against the current
v
She spoke softly to the weeping child
v
The cat cried pitifully for milk
e.
There are not fixed rules
concerning the positions of two or more adverbs used in one sentence. You can
place however you like but the usual order is.
|
Manner + Place +
Time
|
v
She song sweetly at the
concert last night
v
The man walked like a drunk
along the road yesterday
v
They played joy fully in
the field during the interval.
Exercise one:
Example: She was (at the office, by ten o’clock )
She was at the
office by ten o’clock .
1.
He wanted to do that (very much,
all his life)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2.
She is going (on Monday, to Sandy land, for two weeks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3.
The pupils stayed (all morning,
quietly, in class)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4.
That old woman was born (in the
year 1890, at four o’clock ,
on new years eve)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5.
He has worked (through out the
week, very hard, in class)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
6.
She danced (at the city Hall, last
week, gracefully, in the concert)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
7.
Shall I meet you (out side the
cinema, on Tuesday, at noon )
…………………………………………………………………………………………
8.
He spoke to us (on our way to
school, suddenly, this morning)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
9.
The new boy grinned when he met us
(at the fucks hop, sheepishly)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
10. He swerved when he rounded the corner (to the pavement,
violently)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
11. I bought a pair of shoes (last Saturday, in that shop, at the
annual sale)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
12. He arrived (at the office, late, this morning)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
13. The beggar told his tale as he sat on the sidewalk (pitifully,
everyday)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
14. The boy chased the goats (when he saw them eating plants,
angrily, out of the garden)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
15. The runners ran (round the field, during the area, as fast as
they could)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
16. He listen to the teacher (in the class, attentively, every day)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
17. The car ran over the dog while it was running cross the road
(accidentally, a few minutes ago)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
18. I do my homework (always, in my room, in the afternoon)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
19. He rebuked the boy (yesterday, loudly, when he saw him bullying
another boy)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
20. The robbery took place ( in the afternoon, in the galaxy
goldsmith, at two o’clock )
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Reported
speech
We use reported speech when we are saying what other people
say, think or believe.
- He says he wants it.
- We think you are right.
- I believe he loves her.
- Yesterday you said you didn't like it but now you do!
- She told me he had asked her to marry him.
- I told you she was ill.
- We thought he was in Australia.
When we are reporting things in the present, future or
present perfect we don't change the tense.
- He thinks he loves her.
- I'll tell her you are coming.
- He has said he'll do it.
When we tell people what someone has said in the past, we
generally make the tense 'more in the past'.
- You look very nice. = I told him he looked very nice.
- He's working in Siberia now. = She told me he was working in Siberia now.
- Polly has bought a new car. = She said Polly had bought a new car.
- Jo can't come for the weekend. = She said Jo couldn't come for the weekend.
- Paul called and left a message. = He told me Paul had called and had left me a message.
- I'll give you a hand. = He said he would give me a hand.
However, when we are reporting something that was said in the
past but is still true, it is not obligatory to make the tense 'more in the
past'. The choice is up to the speaker. For example:
"The train doesn't stop here."- He said the train doesn't stop here.
- He said the train didn't stop here.
- She said she likes Sarah.
- She said she liked Sarah.
When we are reporting what was said, we sometimes have to
change other words in the sentence.
We have to change the pronoun if we are reporting what someone
else said. Compare these two sentences. In each case the person actually said
"I don't want to go."
- I said I didn't want to go.
- Bill said he didn't want to go.
We have to change words referring to 'here and now' if we are
reporting what was said in a different place or time.
Compare these two sentences. In each case the person actually said "I'll be there at ten tomorrow."
Compare these two sentences. In each case the person actually said "I'll be there at ten tomorrow."
- (If it is later the same day) He said he would be there at ten tomorrow.
- (If it is the next day) He said he would be there at ten today.
Now compare these two sentences.
- (If we are in a different place) He said he would be there tomorrow at ten.
- (If we are in the place he is coming to) He said he would be here at ten tomorrow.
|
When using indirect or
reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by
the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said.
Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in
the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in
the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes
to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the
past.
Verb tense changes also
characterize other situations using indirect speech. Note the changes shown
in the chart and see the table below for examples. With indirect speech, the
use of that is optional.
|
|
Direct Speech
|
Þ
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
simple present
He said, “I go to school every day.” |
Þ
|
simple past
He said (that) he went to school every day. |
|
simple past
He said, “I went to school every day.” |
Þ
|
past perfect
He said (that) he had gone to school every day. |
|
present perfect
He said, “I have gone to school every day.” |
Þ
|
past perfect
He said (that) he had gone to school every day. |
|
present progressive
He said, “I am going to school every day.” |
Þ
|
past progressive
He said (that) he was going to school every day. |
|
past progressive
He said, “I was going to school every day.” |
Þ
|
perfect progressive
He said (that) he had been going to school every day, |
|
future (will)
He said, “I will go to school every day.” |
Þ
|
would + verb name
He said (that) he would go to school every day. |
|
future (going to)
He said, “I am going to school every day.” |
Þ
|
present progressive
He said (that) he is going to school every day. |
|
|
past progressive
He said (that) he was going to school every day |
|
|
Direct Speech
|
Þ
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
auxiliary + verb name
He said, “Do you go to school every day?” He said, “Where do you go to school?” |
Þ
|
simple past
He asked me if I went to school every day.* He asked me where I went to school. |
|
imperative
He said, “Go to school every day.” |
Þ
|
infinitive
He said to go to school every day. |
|
*Note than when a Yes/No
question is being asked in direct speech, then a construction with if
or whether is used. If a WH question is being asked, then use the WH
to introduce the clause. Also note that with indirect speech, these are
examples of embedded questions.
The situation changes if
instead of the common said another part of the very to say is
used. In that case the verb tenses usually remain the same. Some examples of
this situation are given below.
|
|||
|
Direct Speech
|
Þ
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
|
simple present + simple present
He says, “I go to school every day.” |
Þ
|
simple present + simple present
He says (that) he goes to school every day. |
|
|
present perfect + simple present
He has said, “I go to school every day.” |
Þ
|
present perfect + simple present
He has said (that) he goes to school every day. |
|
|
past progressive + simple past
He was saying, “I went to school every day.” |
Þ
|
past progressive + simple
past
He was saying (that) he went to school every day. |
|
|
|
past progressive + past perfect
He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day. |
||
|
future + simple present
He will say, “I go to school every day.” |
Þ
|
future + simple present
He will say (that) he goes to school every day. |
|
|
Another situation is the one
in which modal constructions are used. If the verb said is used, then
the form of the modal, or another modal that has a past meaning is used.
|
|
Direct Speech
|
Þ
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
can
He said, “I can go to school every day.” |
Þ
|
could
He said (that) he could go to school every day. |
|
may
He said, “I may go to school every day.” |
Þ
|
might
He said (that) he might go to school every day. |
|
might
He said, “I might go to school every day.” |
|
|
|
must
He said, “I must go to school every day.” |
Þ
|
had to
He said (that) he had to go to school every day. |
|
have to
He said, “I have to go to school every day.” |
|
|
|
should
He said, “I should go to school every day.” |
Þ
|
should
He said (that) he should go to school every day. |
|
ought to
He said, “I ought to go to school every day.” |
Þ
|
ought to
He said (that) he ought to go to school every day. |
|
While not all of the
possibilities have been listed here, there are enough to provide examples of
the main rules governing the use of indirect or reported speech. For other
situations, try to extrapolate from the examples here, or better still, refer
to a good grammar text or reference book.
Some other verbs that can be
used to introduce direct speech are: ask, report, tell, announce, suggest,
and inquire. They are not used interchangeably; check a grammar or usage book
for further information.
Exercise one:
Change the sentences into indirect speech with
the appropriate adverbs of time
1.
Ronald said, “I want to go to
Bali next year.”
2.
Putri said, “I got a new Job
today.”
3.
Gita said, “I am surfing on the
Internet now.”
4.
Mr. Chandra said, “My family has
lived here since last year.”
5.
Mrs. Harry said, “I will watch
TV tonight.”
Exercise two:
Change the direct speech into indirect
speech
1.
Rendy says, “I’m very hungry.”
2.
Mother said, “Put the vegetables
into the fridge!”
3.
The teacher said, “Don’t be late
to the class.”
4.
Mr. Indra said, “I’m going to go
to Jakarta.”
5.
Ms. Febrianti said, “Don’t ride
the motorcycle carelessly.”
Exercise three:
Change the indirect
speech into direct speech.
1.
The teacher told me to shut the
door.
2.
Brian said that his father would
go to Jakarta the following week.
3.
Ari said to told me not to go
out then.
4.
Mr. Pras asked the pupils to
close their textbooks.
5.
Deny says to Mira that he will
borrow books from library.
Review Semester 2
Choose a suitable form of the verb and complete the
sentence.
1. Mother: Clean your room, Siska!
Siska :
Yes, Mom.
Vinda :
What did your mother tell you, Siska?
Siska :
She told me……………………..
A.
clean my room
B.
To clean my room
C.
To clean your room
D.
Cleaned my room
E.
Cleans your room
2.
Rahmat: Bimo left for Bandung
this morning
Irdham:
What did you say?
Rahmat:
……………….
A.
I said that Bimo leaves for
Bandung
B.
I said that Bimo will leave for
Bandung
C.
I said that Bimo is leaving for
Bandung
D.
I said that Bimo would leave for
Bandung
E.
I said that Bimo had left for
Bandung
3.
Galih: Were you sleeping when I
called you last night?
Fahrel:
No, I went to the cinema.
From the
dialog we know that Galih wanted to know if Fahrel………………….when he called him
A.
sleeps
B.
Slept
C.
Is sleeping
D.
Was sleeping
E.
Had been sleeping
4.
Doctor: Open your mouth.
Mother:
What did the doctor tell you?
Son : The doctor told me……………..
A.
That I opened his mouth
B.
If I opened my mouth
C.
Whether I open my mouth
D.
To open my mouth
E.
To open your mouth
5.
The librarian asked me ………….
A.
Why had returned the book
B.
Whether I had returned the book
C.
When did I returned the book
D.
That I returned the book
E.
Who had returned the book
|
|
|
6.
Arman ……………… with his grandparents when he became champion
A.
was living
B. is living
C. have lived
D. lives
E. lived
7.
They ……………… a wedding party
when it began to rain
A.
is attending
B.
have attended
C.
were attending
D.
had attended
E.
has attendant
8.
The students ……………… part in
a football match when Abidin was injured
A.
is taking
B. were taking part
C. are taking
D. will be taking part
E. was taking part
9.
Soraya’s mother ……………… to
bed when the phone rang
A.
is going
B. was going
C. goes
D. will be going
E. have gone
10. We ……………… our neighbors when we saw a plane landing
A.
was visiting
B. is visiting
C. were visiting
D. will be going
E. have visited
11. Ardi and his brother ……………… on their father’s form when
lighting struck
A.
were working
B. is working
C. will work
D. are working
E. will be working
9. My sister ……………… in basketball game when she injured her
leg
A.
are playing
B. plays
C. is playing
D. was playing
E. were playing
10. The little boy ……………… very fast when he was hit by a truck
A.
is riding
B. rides
C. are riding
D. was riding
E. were riding
11. Tyo ……………… the ball
when the other player hit him
A.
was dribbling
B. is dribbling
C. were dribbling
D. dribbled
E. has dribbled
12. The crowd ……………… when the actors
come back on stage
A. was clapped
B. is clapping
C. was clapped
D. clapped
E. are clapped
13. Eris ……………… in a seaside resort
A. growing up
B. grew
C. has grown up
D. grow
E. grows
14. My parents ……………… in the
same house for twenty two years
A. are living
B. lived
C. will live
D. have lived
E. has lived
15. We ……………… our meal at this
restaurant many times
A. had
B. have had
C. are having
D. has
E. have
16. Mono : Roby ……………… the
household chores all her life
Roby : She is still doing it.
A. does
B. did
C. hos done
D. is doing
E. do
17. My grand parents ……………… Bandung
A. have settled
B. settled
C. will settled
D. settles
E. has settled
18. The boys ……………… in the main stadium before
A. played
B. have played
C. has played
D. are played
E. will be playing
19. This tree ……………… since last December
A. has grown
B. grew
C. will grow
D. grows
E. grow
20. I ……………… the day’s
marketing already
A. have done
B. will do
C. does
D. did
E. was doing
21. The ship ……………… the port
of Hongkong yesterday
A. leave
B. left
C. have left
D. has left
E. leave
22. The wind ……………… down the trees in the park
A. blows
B. will blow
C. has blown
D. is blowing
E. blow
23. We ……………… about you. We ……………… the news we
just heard on the radio
A.
do not talk – discussed
B. didn’t talk – were discussing
C. weren’t talk – were discussing
D. wasn’t talked – discussed
E. didn’t talk – was discussing
24. While I ……………… with my uncle
in green wood park. I often ……………… him on his fishing trips
A. Stayed – accompany
B. Was staying – was accompany
C. Was staying – accompanied
D. Stayed – was accompanying
E. Stayed – accompanied
25. When I ……………… at the
cinema, Richard ……………… for me
A.
arrived – waited
B. arrived – was waiting
C. arrived – were waiting
D. was arriving – were waiting
E. was arriving – was waiting
26. I was studying (at School, very
hard, all day yesterday)
A.
I was studying all day yesterday
at school very hard
B. I was studying all day yesterday very hard at school
C. I was studying all very hard at school all day yesterday
D. I was studying at school very hard all day yesterday
E. I was studying all very hard all day yesterday at school
27. She meet you (in the book store,
today, at 5 O’clock)
A. She meet you at 5 O’clock in the
book store today
B.
She meet you in the book store today at 5 O’clock
C.
She meet you today in the book store at 5 O’clock
D.
She meet you in the book store today at 5 O’clock
E. She meet you today at 5 O’clock in the book store
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar